Izimiso eziyisisekelo kanye nesigama sokuphrinta umbala wokuphathwa kombala

Ukuphathwa kombala kuye kwaqashelwa amafektri amaningi okunyathelisa, kanye nemigomo eyisisekelo nemigomo yobungcweti yokuphathwa kombala sekuphenduke ulwazi lwethu oludingekayo. Uhlelo lulawula inqubo yethu yokukhiqiza futhi ifinyelele izinhloso zethu zekhwalithi.

1. Umgomo wombala oyisisekelo

[Ukukhanya okubonakalayo] I-380nm kuya ku-720nm lubanzi lwamagagasi akhanyayo wokuthi iso lomuntu lingalibona, elibizwa ngokuthi "ukukhanya okubonakalayo", ngaphandle kwalolu banga "

[Ukukhanya okungabonakali] Ngezansi 380nm ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet, x {- ray, ama-gamma ray, imisebe ye-cosmic, njll; Ngaphezulu kwe-720nm imisebe ye-infrared, imisebe ye-microwave, imisebe ye-radar, imisebe yomsakazo, njll.

[Ukukhanya kwelanga] ukukhanya kwelanga kufaka ukukhanya okubonakalayo nokukhanya okungabonakali. Ngokuphendula kweso lomuntu, igagasi elikhanyayo kusuka ku-400nm liye ku-500nm ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, i-500nm kuya ku-600nm ukukhanya okuluhlaza, futhi i-600nm kuya ku-700nm ingukukhanya okubomvu

[I-Adtitive Colour System] Red (R), Green (G), kanye no-Blue (b) ukukhanya kubizwa ngokuthi yimibala emithathu eyinhloko ohlelweni lombala ongezansi, futhi ukuxubana kungakhiqiza noma yimuphi umbala. Ukukhanya okubomvu (R) + ukukhanya okuluhlaza (g) {g) =, ukukhanya okuphuzi (g), ukukhanya okuluhlaza (b), ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (b) + ukukhanya okukhanyayo (b) =}. Lapho izingxenye ezilinganayo zemibala emithathu eyinhloko yokukhanya zihlangene, kuzovela ukukhanya okumhlophe. UCyan (C), uMagenta (M), no-Yellow (y) Ukukhanya yimibala ephambene ye-Red (R), eluhlaza (g), nohlaza okwesibhakabhaka (b) ukukhanya, ngokulandelana. Ukuxuba noma yimuphi umbhangqwana wemibala ephambene kuzokhiqiza ukukhanya okumhlophe.

[I-Subtractive Colour System] Kunemibala emithathu eyinhloko emilinganisweni (kufaka phakathi ama-inks wokuphrinta), okungukuthi ama-cyan (c), ama-magenta (m), okungokwephuzi kohlelo lombala, futhi ukusebenza okuphambene nemibala emithathu eyinhloko ohlelweni lombala ongezansi. Ukungeza ama-shades amabili okukhanya kukhiqiza umbala okhanyayo, kanti imibala emibili ixubene ukukhiqiza umbala omnyama ngoba i-pigment ithatha okunye ukukhanya okubonakalayo. Ngokweqiniso, ukuxubana kwemibala emithathu eyinhloko ama-CMY ku-pigment kungakhiqiza noma yimuphi umbala, kufaka phakathi omnyama; Eqinisweni, ukuxuba kwabo kuzokhiqiza imibala eyingxenye kuphela, futhi ukuxubana kwenani elifanayo lama-cmy kuzokhiqiza kuphela onsundu omnyama, hhayi omnyama. Isizathu ukuthi imibala yanamuhla ayifanele ngokuphelele, ngakho-ke imibala emnyama futhi ebalayo iyadingeka ekuphrinte ama-Inks ukugcwalisa lokhu kususwa.

2. Ubudlelwano phakathi kwezindlela ezahlukahlukene zombala

Imodi ye-RGB

Ihlanganiswe ngemibala emithathu yokukhanya, ebomvu, eluhlaza okotshani futhi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, futhi isetshenziswa ikakhulukazi ekubonisweni kwesikrini sokuqapha, ngakho-ke ibizwa ngemodi yokukhanya yombala. Ukukhanya kombala ngamunye kuhlukaniswe ngamazinga angama-256 ukusuka ku-0 kuye ku-255, 0 akusho ukuthi ukukhanya okunjalo, 255 kushiwo isimo esigcwele kakhulu kulokhu kukhanya, ngaleyo ndlela wakhe imodi yokukhanya yombala we-RGB. Okumnyama kungenxa yokuthi azikho amalambu amathathu agqamile. Imisebe emithathu yokukhanya ingezwa ngababili ukwakha i-cyan, magenta, nophuzi. Ukukhanya okunamandla, okugqame umbala, futhi ekugcineni, ukukhanya okungu-RGB kuhlangene kumhlophe, ngakho-ke imodi ye-RGB ibizwa ngokuthi yisengezo sombala.

Imodi ye-CMYK

Yakhiwa ama-inks emibala emine ye-cyan, i-magenta, ophuzi nomnyama, futhi isetshenziswa ikakhulukazi engcupheni enkulu, ngakho-ke ibizwa ngemodi yezinto ezibonakalayo.

Inani lenki ngayinye esetshenzisiwe kusuka ku-0% kuya ku-100%, futhi imibala eminingi ikhiqizwa ngokuxuba ama-inks amathathu ama-CMY, abomvu nje, aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Njengoba ama-inks amathathu ama-cmy awakwazi ukwakha ubumsulwa emnyama ekuphrintweni, kudingeka i-inki k ehlukile ye-ink K iyadingeka, ngaleyo ndlela akha imodi yezinto ezibonakalayo ze-CMYK. Ubukhulu benani le-inki, elinzima nombala omnyama; Ngakolunye uhlangothi, elincane inani le-inki, lo umbala ogqamile. Lapho kungekho lutho, ubona iphepha elimhlophe elingenalutho eliphrintiwe kukho, ngakho-ke imodi ye-CMYK ibizwa ngokuthi umbala ongaphansi.

Imodi yeLab

Imodi yethiyori yokurekhoda umbala wokukhanya.

ICie (Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage) yisifinyezo senhlangano ekhanyisa umhlaba wonke, eyakha amazinga aphesheya wokulinganisa umbala kanye nezinyathelo zombala.

I-CIE yathuthuka l *, ama-a * no-b * ukukala inani lemibala, le ndlela yokulinganisa ibizwa ngokuthi yiCielab.

L * umele ukukhanya, okuhlukahluka kusuka kukhanya (ngalesi sikhathi l * =100) kuya emnyama (ngalesi sikhathi l * =0). Inani le-A * limelela ukuguqulwa kombala kusuka ku-green (- a Usebenzisa lolu hlelo, noma yimuphi umbala ungathola isikhundla esihambisanayo eshadini laso.

△ E: Ibanga phakathi kweCie L * A * B * Colour spaces emelela imibala emibili, esetshenziselwa ukuveza umehluko wombala ophelele futhi kususwe ukubekezelela kombala okufanako, imvamisa kufana ne-chromatic space evamile ye-chromatic. Bala. Amanani we-L, a, B nama-ΔE odakweni ophrintiwe angalinganiswa kusetshenziswa i-spectrodensitometer ngqo.

3. Ubudlelwano be-Gamut Comut yezindlela ezintathu

Umbala ngamunye unebanga lawo ahambelana nombala, obizwa nge-gamut yombala.

Phakathi kwalezi zindlela ezintathu zombala we-RGB, CMYK kanye LAB, LAB ine-gamut enkulu kunazo zonke, ehlanganisa konke ukukhanya okubonakalayo kweso lomuntu. Umbala abantu abawubonayo uqoshwa ngokuya nge-wavelength. Lokho iso lomuntu elingabona libomvu, i-orange, ophuzi, oluhlaza okotshani, oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nobendele. Imikhawulo emibili yale misebe nayo ifaka imisebe ye-infrared kanye nemisebe ye-ultraviolet, kanye namagagasi alezi zinhlobo ezimbili zemicu emibili yinde kakhulu noma uma kufushane kakhulu, futhi akukubongi kwilebhu. Ngamanye amagama, inqobo nje uma sibona ukukhanya, ilebhu ihlanganisa. Isikhala sombala welebhu ngumlamuli wokuguqulwa kombala phakathi kwedivaysi ehlukahlukene - izikhala zombala ezincike kuwe, futhi iyithuluzi Umbala omelelwe ngenani lelebhu uhlukile. Ngakho-ke, isikhala sombala weLab siyindawo exhunyiwe yombala yokuphathwa kombala, futhi umnyombo wephrofayili ye-ICC (ifayela lokubonisa umbala).

Kwelebhu, imibala ye-RGB ifakiwe, okungukuthi, i-gamut yombala ye-RGB incane kunelebhu. Lokhu kusitshela nokuthi akuyona yonke imibala engakhonjiswa esibukweni, njengegolide, imibala yama-fluorescent, njalonjalo. Enye indawo ngaphakathi kwelebhu yi-CMKY. Ngokuvamile, i-gamut yemibala ye-CMKY incane kunaleyo ye-RGB, nengxenye enkulu ye-Gamut Colour Gamut yale mibala emibili ngaphezulu, kepha eminye imibala ku-CMYK ingaphandle kwe-RGB. Lokhu kusitshela nokuthi imibala ethile ephrintiwe ayivezi kahle kumqaphi.

Emsebenzini wangempela, kungenzeka ukuthi ukhethe umbala ogculisayo esikrinini, futhi lolu mbala kufanele ube ngaphakathi kwe-RGB, ngaphandle kwe-CMYK kuphela. Lapho udinga ukuphrinta lesi sithombe, udinga ukukukhumbuza ukuthi bonke abaphrinti bangama-CMYK, futhi iphrinta izoguqula ngokuzenzakalelayo amanani wombala we-RGB abe yinani eliseduze kakhulu le-CMYK. Lokhu kuguqulwa kuphumela ngomehluko wombala osobala phakathi kombala ophrintiwe nombala obonisiwe. Ngaphandle kwamaphutha wazo zonke izinto zangaphandle ezinjengabaphrinti, abaqaphi, njll, lo mehluko umbala usangenakugwemeka. Ngakho-ke, lapho senza isithombe, kufanele sikhethe kahle imodi yombala ehambisanayo ngokuya ngezidingo zokukhipha.

Kungabonakala kahle esithombeni esingezansi ukuthi ngemuva kokuguqula imodi ye-RGB kumodi ye-CMYK, umehluko wombala kusobala.

Ingxenye engenhla yesithombe yimibala emithathu ejwayelekile ye-RGB, futhi ingxenye engezansi ingushintsho ngemuva kokuguqulwa ku-CMYK. Ungenza lokhu kuhlola: sebenzisa i-Photoshop ukugcwalisa isithombe se-RGB ngamabhulokhi amathathu anemibala: u-R255, g255, B255, bese ucindezela i-CTRL + y ngokuqhubekayo ukuze ushintshe phakathi kwe-RGB ne-CMYK izindlela eziphindaphindwayo, zibheke zonahluko.

4. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-chromatic abrrration delta - e (ΔE)

1. I-CIE LAB

Isikhala sombala welebhu sisuselwa emcabangweni wokuthi umbala awukwazi ukuba luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nophuzi ngasikhathi sinye. Ngakho-ke, inani elilodwa lingasetshenziswa ukuchaza izifanekiselo ezibomvu / eziluhlaza okotshani neziphuzi / eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Lapho umbala usebenzisa i-CIE L * A * B *, L * umele inani lokukhanya; I- * imele inani elibomvu / eliluhlaza futhi b * limelela inani eliphuzi / eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.

QAPHELA: CIE Lab △ e Umehluko wombala △ l + usho ukuthi mhlophe, △ l - kusho ukuba mnyama △ + kusho ukubomvu, △ b-- kusho okwesibhakabhaka

Cie lch

I-CIE LCH Colol Model isebenzisa isikhala esifanayo sombala njengoba l * A * B *, kepha isebenzisa l ngenani lokukhanya; C ngenani lokugcwala kanye ne-H kwi-cylindrical ukuxhumanisa inani le-angle ye-hue.

2. Indlela yokuthola ukunemba kwemibala usebenzisa i-Delta - e (ΔE) ukukalwa

Manje njengoba sesazi ukuthi yikuphi ukunemba kwemibala okukhona nokuthi yini abantu abayilindele kukho, kufanele sazi ukuthi singanquma kanjani ukunemba kwemibala? Ngokuvamile, embonini yokunyathelisa, abantu bakhetha ukusebenzisa i-Delta - e Ukulinganisa, okuyindlela yokulinganisa yokuchaza "umehluko", ukunemba kwemibala kungalinganiswa futhi kubalwe kalula.

3. Yini i-delta - e (ΔE) isilinganiso?

Izilinganiso eziningi zemibala zenziwa ngezinsimbi ezikala i-cielab (indlela yokuhlela imininingwane yombala eqoqwe ngamanani we-spectrometers). Ukuqhathanisa phakathi kwemibala kwenziwa ngokuqhathanisa amasethi amabili ezimpendulo ze-CIELAB, kanye nokubala ngokwezibalo ukubala umehluko phakathi kwabo. Inani elisetshenziselwe ukuchaza umehluko libizwa nge-DELTA - e. Yize i-DELTA - e ingathathwa nge-arithetic, kuvame ukuchazwa njengomehluko omncane kakhulu ngombala nangama-hue ukuthi iso lomuntu liyalibona. Ngenxa yokuxhumeka phakathi kwe-Delta - e nombono womuntu, i-delta - I-e eveze ukuthi i-e Proveten iveze ukuthi isebenze kakhulu lapho kuchazwa umehluko kumasampula aphrintiwe. Embonini yokunyathelisa, i-delta - e yakwa-3 no-6 ngokuvamile ithathwa njengemukelekile.

Ngenkathi izilinganiso nge-Delta - e zingaphansi kwesiqapheli, uyinki, kanye nokuhlukahluka kwemidiya, kunokubekezelela okuthile lapha, futhi okunye ukuhlukahluka ku-ink nekhwalithi yephepha kungabekezelelwa. Kepha kuhlale kunendinganiso ethile, yini i-delta ejwayelekile - e ehlukile? Ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwabezindaba, isikhathi sokugcina isampula yokuphrinta okuhle kwezentengiso akufanele kwehluka kusuka ezingaphezu kwama-3 kuye kwayi-6 delta - amayunithi wesikhathi esisebenza ngaso. I-Delta - e ingakwazi ukunciphisa ukunemba kokuzala kabusha kombala kube yinani elithile, elingakhombisa ngokunembile ukunemba kombala, ngakho-ke lincane inani, elingcono, futhi liphezulu kakhulu, likhuphuke kakhulu.

4. Imiphumela yemibala ku-Delta ehlukile - e

[Inani le-ΔE lingu-1.6 - 3.2] Iso lomuntu alikwazi ukuhlukanisa umehluko ngombala, okuvame ukubhekwa njengombala ofanayo. Kukhona abaqaphi abambalwa abaqeqeshiwe lapha, njenge-eiso eizo namanye amamodeli angakwenza;

[Inani le-ΔE lingu-3.2-6.5] Abantu abaqeqeshiwe abaqeqeshiwe bangahlukanisa umehluko, kepha abantu abajwayelekile abakwazi ukubona umehluko, futhi umbono ngokuqondile uyafana.

[Inani le-ΔE lingu-6.5-13] Umehluko ngombala uyabonakala, kepha angabhekwa njenge-hue efanayo;

[Inani le-ΔE phakathi kwe-13-25] libhekwa njenge-hue ehlukile, nangaphezulu kwaleli nani, libhekwa njengombala ohlukile.

Ngokusekelwe kulokhu, ukucindezela amadala kungazwa ukwehluka okwengeziwe kune-3 kuya ku-6 delta - e Unit amanani, kepha ukuthi lokhu kuhlukahluka kwamukelekile kumaphrinta namakhasimende, kufanele kusungulwe. Lapho umsebenzi wokuphrinta wedlula amazinga ahlukile enkampani, into ehlakaniphile kakhulu okufanele yenziwe ukuyeka ukuphrinta futhi uzame ukuthola imbangela yokuhlukahluka. Ngemuva kokuba imbangela sekukhonjwe futhi kwalungiswa, umsebenzi wokuphrinta angaqhubeka.

I-5. Delta - e (ΔE) umbala umehluko ifomula:

- UCielab (1976) esetshenziswa kabanzi ekuphrintweni kwe-offset

- Ifomula yomehluko yombala ofanele, osuselwa kunguqulo ethuthukisiwe yeCielab (1976), echazwa njenge-ITS entsha nge-ISO

- I-CMC isetshenziswa kabanzi embonini yokuphrinta nokudaya

- I-CIE94 isetshenziswa enkampanini yendwangu

Imodi engu-5. Imodi yokulinganisa yombala

Ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela zokulinganisa ze-M, M1, M2 noM3

• Ngokusobala, icala ngalinye lokusebenzisa lokulinganisa izimo zokukhanyisa licacile

• I-M0 ilungele ukusetshenziswa lapho kungabikho i-substrate noma i-pailing colorant iqukethe ukubhekisisa okubonakalayo.

• I-M1 ilungele ama-substrates noma ama-colorants e-imaging, noma womabili aqukethe iziqu ze-optical. Futhi ilungele ama-substrates aqukethe i-fluorescence, izakhiwo ze-fluorescence zidinga ukuqoqwa, futhi umbala onemifanekiso ungaqiniseka ukuthi akwanenakasi i-fluorescence.

• I-M2 yasetshenziselwa iphepha i-fluorescence, kodwa futhi yafuna ukuqeda imiphumela yedatha.

• I-M3 isetshenziselwa izinhloso ezikhethekile lapho kucatshangelwa khona indawo yokugcina ingaphezulu komhlaba, kufaka phakathi ukusetshenziswa kwelanga okukhalweni.

6. Ukukhetha okujwayelekile kobuningi

Iso t -

I-T - Isimo impendulo ebanzi, esetshenziswa kabanzi embonini yenqubo yokuphrinta yaseNyakatho Melika, futhi njengamanje iyisilinganiso sokulinganisa esisetshenziswa kakhulu kwinqubo yokuphrinta nokupakisha.

Isimo se-ISO E

I-E State iyindinganiso yaseYurophu futhi isebenzisa isihlungi sohlobo lwe-wratten 47b, enokubala okuphezulu okuphuzi kuqhathaniswa nesimo se-T.

Iso Isimo

Isimo sivame ukusetshenziswa ezithombeni, ekubhaleni izincwadi, kanye nezimboni zokuqeda.

I-ISO I Status

Yakhelwe ngqo ukukala ama-tri - imibala ephepheni. Ukungahambisani kahle kwenzeke lapho kulinganiswa okungeyona eye-- Tricolor Inks.

Isimo se-XRite G

X - Rite's ububanzi}}}}} Impendulo ye-band, yenzelwe ngqo inqubo yokuphrinta, ifana nenqubo ye-T -, ngaphandle kokuthi izwela kakhulu ama-inks aphuzi.

Isimo sokulinganisa esisetshenziswa kakhulu ekuphrintweni kwezwe lami yisimo se-ISO T, okubuye kube yisimo sokulinganisa esizenzakalelayo sezinsimbi eziningi. Kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ezisebenzayo, kufanele futhi sinake izidingo zokuhlola ezisezingeni, futhi sinqume izimo zokugcina ngokusho kwezidingo zokuhlola ezisezingeni.

7. Isigama Sokulawulwa Kombala

1. I-Metamerism

Lapho imibala ibonisa umbala ofanayo ngaphansi komthombo othile wokukhanya, kepha ngaphansi komunye umthombo wokukhanya, imibala yabo ihlukile, le nto "i-metamerism".

2. I-Colortempereture

Lapho into ifudumele, ukukhanya kombala okukhishwe kulinganiswa. Ukushisa kombala kuvame ukuvezwa kumazinga okushisa aphelele noma ama-kelvin degrees. Ukushisa kombala okuphansi okufana nobomvu kungu-2400℃k, izinga lokushisa eliphakeme lemibala efana ne-Blue 9300℃k, kanye nokushisa kombala okungathathi hlangothi okufana ne-6500℃K.

3. Opacity

Inkomba yamandla okucasha ingabonisa ikhono lokumboza lenkimbinkimbi e-substrate. Uma amandla okusa aphakeme, kusho ukuthi upende noma uyinki akulula ukuguquka ngenxa yombala we-substrate ngesikhathi.

4. UColimeter

Ithuluzi lokulinganisa lokulinganisa elilingisa ukusabela kwamehlo komuntu kubomvu, oluhlaza okotshani, nokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.

I-5. Khombisa ijika / ijika elibonakalayo

Igrafu ekhombisa ukubonwayo kwento yamagagasi ahlukile wokukhanya.

6. D50

Ibonisa isikhalo esijwayelekile seCie ngokushisa kombala nge-5000℃K. embonini yokunyathelisa, lokhu okushisa kombala kusetshenziselwa kabanzi ukwenza amabhokisi akhanyayo.

7. IZIMBALI

Chaza iphesenti lokukhanya eliboniswe ebusweni bento. Ngokusebenzisa i-spectrophotometer, izibonelelo zezinto ngezikhathi ezihlukile ezibusweni ezibonakalayo zingalinganiswa. Uma i-spectrum ebonakalayo yi-Abscissa futhi umbhebhethekisi kungukuthi, umbala wento ungadonswa.